How to Best Treat Patients With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder

This work may not be copied, distributed, displayed, published, reproduced, transmitted, modified, posted, sold, licensed, or used for commercial purposes. By downloading this file, you are agreeing to the publisher’s Terms & Conditions.

See article by Green at al

Individuals with serious mental illness, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, have rates of alcohol use disorders greater than those in the general population.1 The rates are even higher among those in treatment, particularly in high intensity settings, and comorbidity is associated with worse outcomes.2 Comprehensive psychosocial treatments, which include staged treatments, outreach, and motivational interventions, among others, have been shown to be effective, but there are barriers to implementing these treatments widely.3 Further, no consensus exists on the optimal pharmacologic management for these individuals. A small literature exists that evaluates the use of medications to treat alcohol use disorder in comorbid samples with some success (eg, naltrexone and acamprosate),4-6 but these treatments also have not been widely adopted.7 Since antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, one important research question with direct clinical relevance is: Are antipsychotics with long-acting injectable formulations better suited for those with alcohol use disorder comorbidity?

In this issue of the Journal, Green and colleagues8 attempt to address this question. The authors report on a 6-month randomized clinical trial comparing long-acting injectable (LAI) risperidone with oral risperidone in 95 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and alcohol use disorder. The authors hypothesized that the LAI formulation would be superior in decreasing alcohol consumption because (1) LAI formulations compared to oral formulations lead to lower dopamine receptor occupancy, and this will be associated with a decrease in alcohol use; and (2) the LAI formulation will improve adherence to medication and lead to better outcomes. Study outcomes focused on measures of drinking consumption, psychiatric symptoms, and functioning. Results of the trial show that there were no statistical differences in alcohol use outcomes between groups, although the authors found that heavy drinking actually increased in the oral group, but not in the LAI group. There were no differences in psychiatric symptoms between groups. The results of other outcomes, such as medication compliance, favor the use of LAI risperidone, suggesting it may be a better medication for those with comorbid alcohol use disorder.

The first hypothesis regarding dopamine receptor occupancy and its role in drinking could not be directly tested in this study, and, in fact, there were no significant differences in alcohol use consumption measures between groups. However, there was an increase in heavy drinking in the oral risperidone group. The authors suggest that this increase in drinking is indirect support for their hypothesis that dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, presumably higher in the oral group, is associated with higher drinking rates. This hypothesis does fit with at least one version of the self-medication hypothesis—the hypothesis that patients drink to counteract the effects of antipsychotic medications. However, given the lack of a statistical significance between groups, the lower plasma levels of risperidone, and no direct test of receptor occupancy, the results can only be considered suggestive.

The finding that heavy drinking actually increased in 1 of the groups is highly unusual for a treatment study of alcohol use disorders, even among those with psychiatric comorbidity. It has been well documented that research subjects usually report a decrease in drinking in clinical trials testing pharmacologic interventions for alcohol use disorders, and, in fact, the placebo effect often undermines the results of clinical trials in alcohol use disorders.9 This decrease in drinking during clinical trials has also been fairly consistently found in treatment studies with individuals with serious mental illness taking antipsychotic medications.4,5 It should be noted that those studies mostly tested adjunctive medications for alcohol use disorders and required participants to be stable on their antipsychotic medication prior to randomization. In the present study, participants underwent antipsychotic medication changes as part of the research study. These changes may have contributed to clinical instability, which could lead to an increase in drinking. A significant number of subjects (37.9%) did report an exacerbation of symptoms. However, the authors found no group differences in psychiatric symptoms and no clear relationship between drinking and symptom exacerbation. Nevertheless, the authors do important work by evaluating this potential relationship, and the (lack of) finding may be due, at least in part, to the difficulty in evaluating a link between drinking and symptom worsening given the complexity of the patient population.

The authors did find that, as hypothesized, adherence was better in the LAI group than in the oral group. Adherence is thought to be an important factor in the management of patients with serious mental illness, particularly among those with comorbid substance use disorders. It is clinically sound to consider that an intervention that improves adherence is likely to improve other outcomes, including risk of hospitalization. Previous studies have evaluated the potential superiority of LAI risperidone in treating schizophrenia without comorbidity. Several studies have suggested that LAI is indeed superior to other antipsychotic medications in terms of psychiatric outcomes and health care cost.11,12 LAI medications in general have been associated with lower rates of discontinuation, recurrence of symptoms, and hospitalization and better functioning and quality of life.12 However, in a large Veterans Affairs study,13 LAI risperidone was compared to the “physicians’ choice” of oral antipsychotic for individuals at high risk of hospitalization. Contrary to the hypothesis, LAI risperidone was not superior for psychiatric outcomes, including the preventing of rehospitalization. Further, side effects and rates of adverse events, particularly injection site adverse events, were higher in the LAI group.

Given the possible side effects associated with LAI formulations, the authors in this study closely monitored side effects.8 Injection site adverse events were not reported in the LAI group, and there were no significant differences in side effects between groups. It should be noted that a large percentage (79%) of subjects overall reported adverse events, confirming that risperidone, like other medications commonly used to treat schizophrenia, has a high side-effect burden, suggesting the need to develop better pharmacologic strategies.

Several limitations from this study highlight the difficulty in conducting trials in comorbid populations.8 First of all, recruiting adequate samples to answer the primary question in a study with comorbid populations is always a challenge. In this study, the authors recruited a relatively large sample of 95 subjects, yet, it should be noted that in order to recruit this number, subjects were recruited from 4 different sites. Conducting clinical trials across different sites is both costly and requires good collaboration between investigators. The authors should be commended for their ability to successfully recruit an adequate sample size and conduct this type of study. Second, the presence of psychiatric comorbidities, concomitant treatment with other psychiatric medications, and participation in other forms of behavioral treatments complicate interpretation of a treatment study but are part of the reality of conducting studies in real world clinical populations.

Despite these limitations, this study by Green and colleagues8 is important for several reasons. The undertaking of well-designed, controlled studies with complicated clinical populations is sorely needed. Given the increasing emphasis on evidence-based practice, clinicians who treat patients with dual diagnoses should not need to follow treatment algorithms based on studies conducted primarily with noncomorbid groups. Further, designing studies that address practical clinical questions is an important endeavor. It has long been hypothesized that LAI formulations of antipsychotic medications are advantageous for individuals with comorbid substance use disorders, but this theory has not previously been formally and rigorously tested. Additionally, as with any important clinical research, interesting follow-up questions present themselves from the results. Is LAI risperidone superior to other antipsychotic medications in this comorbid group of patients? Would medications to treat alcohol use disorder be effective adjunctive medications to LAI risperidone? This question is particularly interesting in terms of naltrexone, since it, too, has a long-acting injectable formulation; and if LAI therapy has an advantage in terms of adherence, it may be particularly useful in this patient population. In fact, some pilot work has suggested that this formulation of naltrexone may be effective for this patient population.4 More clinical studies, like the study conducted by Green and colleagues,8 will be needed in determining the most effective pharmacologic strategy for this patient population.

Submitted: October 30, 2014; accepted October 31, 2014.

Potential conflicts of interest: Dr Petrakis has served as a consultant to Alkermes.

Funding/support: None reported.

REFERENCES

1. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990;264(19):2511-2518. PubMed doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026

2. Dharmawardene V, Menkes DB. Substance use disorders in New Zealand adults with severe mental illness: descriptive study of an acute inpatient population. Australas Psychiatry. 2015;23(3):236-40. PubMed doi:10.1177/1039856215586147

3. Drake RE, Essock SM, Shaner A, et al. Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(4):469-476. PubMed doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.469

4. Batki SL, Dimmock JA, Wade M, et al. Monitored naltrexone without counseling for alcohol abuse/dependence in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Am J Addict. 2007;16(4):253-259. PubMed doi:10.1080/10550490701389732

5. Petrakis IL, O’ Malley S, Rounsaville B, et al; VA Naltrexone Study Collaboration Group. Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptic treatment in alcohol abusing patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;172(3):291-297. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1658-9

6. Ralevski E, O’ Brien E, Jane JS, et al. Treatment with acamprosate in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and comorbid alcohol dependence. J Dual Diagn. 2011;7(1):64-73. doi:10.1080/15504263.2011.569440

7. Iheanacho T, Issa M, Marienfeld C, et al. Use of naltrexone for alcohol use disorders in the Veterans’ Health Administration: a national study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):122-126. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.016

8. Green AI, Brunette MF, Dawson R, et al. Long-acting injectable vs oral risperidone for schizophrenia and co-occurring alcohol use disorder: a randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(10):1359-1365.

9. Litten RZ, Castle IJ, Falk D, et al. The placebo effect in clinical trials for alcohol dependence: an exploratory analysis of 51 naltrexone and acamprosate studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(12):2128-2137. PubMed doi:10.1111/acer.12197

10. Llorca PM, Miadi-Fargier H, Lançon C, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of schizophrenic patient care settings: impact of an atypical antipsychotic under long-acting injection formulation [article in French]. Encephale. 2005;31(2):235-246. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(05)82390-5

11. Olivares JM, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Burón JA, et al; e-STAR Study Group. Cost-effectiveness analysis of switching antipsychotic medication to long-acting injectable risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: a 12- and 24-month follow-up from the e-STAR database in Spain. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2008;6(1):41-53. PubMed doi:10.2165/00148365-200806010-00004

12. Kaplan G, Casoy J, Zummo J. Impact of long-acting injectable antipsychotics on medication adherence and clinical, functional, and economic outcomes of schizophrenia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2013;7:1171-1180.

13. Rosenheck RA, Krystal JH, Lew R, et al; CSP555 Research Group. Long-acting risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):842-851. PubMed doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005987

aWest Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut

*Corresponding author: Ismene L. Petrakis, MD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, #116-A, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ([email protected]).

J Clin Psychiatry 2015;76(10):e1338-e1339

dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14com09625

© Copyright 2015 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.