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Meta-Analysis

Neuropsychological Test Performance to Enhance Identification of Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis and to Be Most Promising for Predictive Algorithms for Conversion to Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis

Marta Hauser, PhD; Jian-Ping Zhang, MD, PhD; Eva M. Sheridan, MD; Katherine E. Burdick, PhD; Rachel Mogil, BS; John M. Kane, MD; Andrea Auther, PhD; Ricardo E. Carrión, PhD; Barbara A. Cornblatt, PhD; and Christoph U. Correll, MD

Published: January 25, 2017

Article Abstract

Objective: To compare neuropsychological performance in people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR), healthy controls (HCs), or subjects with first-episode psychosis (FEP).

Data Sources: Systematic PubMed/MEDLINE search through January 2014, without language restrictions, using search terms prodrome OR clinical high-risk OR ultra-high risk AND cognition OR individual test names.

Study Selection: Studies reporting neuropsychological data in CHR versus a HC or FEP groups or comparing CHR subjects who converted to psychosis (CHR-P) with CHR subjects who did not convert to psychosis (CHR-NP).

Data Extraction: Two authors independently extracted and compared neurocognitive test data.

Results: A meta-analysis was performed on 60 neuropsychological tests from 9 domains in 32 studies with 21 nonoverlapping samples (CHR = 1,684 patients, HC = 986, FEP = 405). Compared to HCs, people with CHR performed significantly worse in 7 of 9 domains (Hedges g effect size [95% confidence limit] = 0.17 [0.30, 0.04] [attention/vigilance] to 0.42 [0.64, 0.20] [verbal learning, speed of processing] and -0.43 [-0.68, 0.18] [social cognition]), except reasoning/problem solving and working memory (which separated in longitudinal studies). California Verbal Learning Test (0.65 [0.84, 0.46]) and Digit Symbol Test (0.63 [0.86, 0.40]) separated groups the most. Compared to FEP subjects, people with CHR performed significantly better in 5 of 6 domains (from 0.29 [0.03, 0.56] [speed of processing] to 0.39 [0.17, 0.62] [attention/vigilance, verbal learning] and –0.40 [0.18, 0.64] [working memory]), except reasoning/problem solving. CHR-P and CHR-NP performed significantly worse than HC (except visual learning, working memory in CHR-NP). Compared to CHR-NP, CHR-P performed significantly worse in 6 of 8 domains (from 0.24 [0.44, 0.03] [attention/vigilance] to 0.49 [0.76, 0.22] [verbal learning] and -0.54 [-0.80, -0.27] [visual learning]), without differences in reasoning/problem solving and working memory. Three individual tests (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, Verbal Fluency Test/Controlled Oral Word Association Test, and California Verbal Learning Test) discriminated the best between CHR-P and CHR-NP (-0.49 [-0.82, -0.16], -0.45 [-0.86, -0.03], and -0.40 [-0.80, -0.00], respectively).

Conclusions: CHR has mild to moderate globally distributed neuropsychological performance deficits that lie between FEP and HCs. Neuropsychological performance deficits are greater in CHR-P than in CHR-NP, but they overlap, reducing their current utility for risk stratification.

Volume: 78

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